本文作者通过裁判文书评查，对其中发现的举证、质证、认证中存在的种种问题进行了分析并提出了改进意见，对广大法官具有较强的提示意义。
去年以来，人民法院广泛开展了“两评查”活动，通过庭审评查，有力地提高了庭审规范化水平，提高了法官驾驭庭审的能力；通过裁判文书评查，法官制作裁判文书的精品意识得到强化，裁判文书质量有了明显提高。本文试就民事案件“两评查”中发现的裁判文书在举证、质证、认证中存在的问题及改进措施，谈谈看法。
从表象看，掌握和运用证据规则并不难。其实，它是每一位法官遇到的一道坎，要跨过这道坎实在不轻松，需要终身学习，不断提高。
举证，是法律赋予当事人证明其诉讼请求所依据的事实，或反驳对方所依据的事实的诉讼权利。裁判文书在举证中存在的问题主要有以下几个方面：第一，表述错误。如有的表述为“原告为证明自己的诉讼请求，在庭审中出示以下证据”。对这样的表述，从语法上分析是动宾搭配不当。举证的目的不是证明诉讼请求。对于诉讼请求本身无需证据证明，也是无法证明的。证据的任务在于证明事实，在事实的基础上适用法律，再解决诉讼请求成立与否的问题。这是两个不同阶段的任务，在思维形态上也是一个渐进的过程。第二，法官在庭审中未引导当事人举证，比较典型的表述“证据1，病历卡1本，证明原告的医疗过程；证据2，发票3份，证明原告所支出的医疗费用”。这样的表述还没有解决证明的目的和对象问题，留下一道道填充题目。其实这是法官自己给自己造成的困局，说明承办法官在庭审中对引导举证不够重视，未行使释明权，存在走过场现象。如前列举的证据1，病历卡内容是比较丰富的，它的证明对象是医疗经过、伤势情况、用药品种、治疗天数等等。又如证据2，每一份医疗发票均有打印好的用药清单，存在用药剂量和用药种类合理性等问题。第三，对当事人申请法院调取的证据应由哪一方出示，是法官出示还是当事人出示？做法不一。笔者认为，如涉及到程序性问题或涉及到第三方、社会公共利益等，则由法官出示，提交双方当事人质证；如仅涉及到讼争的实体问题，应由申请方当事人出示，以体现司法中立原则，否则，法官就成为某一方的代理人了。程序性问题属于公权力审查范围；实体性问题属于私权利范围，当事人间采用抗辩主义诉讼模式，申请人是否需要出示，由其自己决定。庭审中，许多律师认为出示该证据是法院的事，主观上不予重视，此时，法官应当行使释明权，否则，可能会产生因主要证据的缺失，造成案件事实不清，从而导致裁决结果发生错误。
质证，是相对方对证据材料的说明、质疑和辩驳。最常见的是“被告（或原告）对原告（或被告）出示的证据1无异议”。通常理解，这类表述只仅仅解决证据材料的真实性无异议。此时，法官应引导当事人对证据的合法性和关联性进行质证。
认证，是每一位法官最困惑的问题，也是最能体现法官理论功底和职业素养的重要环节。通俗地说，它是整条坎上的制高点。首先，我们要搞清楚证据材料和证据、证据能力和证明力之间的关系。通俗地讲，证据材料好比工厂车间里的原材料，可用的，具有证据能力；不可用的，不具有证据能力。证据好比工厂车间里生产出来的产品，在质检部门检验合格后，即具有证明力，淘汰的不具有证明力。在法官的视野里，第一映入眼帘的是判断有无证据能力。其次，才是第二道筛选。实务中，我们已经将证据能力和证明力混为一谈，不分彼此了。什么叫证据能力，即何种资料能够被容许作为证据以供当事人进行辩论和法官进行评估，属于证据的资格问题。先审查证据材料的形式要件是否符合证据的基本形式；其次审查其关联性。
关于单位证明的认证问题，单位对其持有的档案材料可以在复制件上加盖公章，以证明与原件一致；其次，单位对管理职责范围的事务可以出具相应的证明文件，但对其无法感知的事实不具有证明力。如在审理某离婚案件时，女方单位出具原、被告因夫妻感情不和已分居两年以上的证明，显然该单位不具有这样的感知能力，其证明仅属于证人证言范畴。而如果是某村民委员会、居委会证明被告已离开户籍所在地两年以上的证明，这样的证明属于其管理职责范围的事项，具有证明力。
有的裁判文书在认证过程中，千篇一律，泛泛而谈；有的则直接下结论，不经法理分析，直接认定证据的证明力或者否定证据的证明力，如简单地表述为“上述证据符合证据的三性，本院确认为有效证据”。什么叫证据的三性？老百姓不懂。如前所述，认证首先应从证据材料有无证据能力入手，进行第一次筛选。证据能力的审查，着重从形式要件去分析，对不具有法定形式的证据材料，应认定为无证据能力。如鉴定结论缺少鉴定人员资格证明材料，审计报告未加盖公章，均不具有证据能力，无证据的可采性。对证据有无证明力，要从证据的真实性、合法性、关联性三个角度去分析，首先适用法定规则，其次才适用心证规则。对具有证明力的证据，应当表述为“证明力予以确认”，“对待证事实具有证明力”，“对当事人的证明目的予以采信或采纳”。而不宜表述为“有效证据”、“具有证据的三性”等。
国务院关于纺织品进出口若干问题的规定(附英文)
国务院
国务院关于纺织品进出口若干问题的规定(附英文)
1985年1月8日，国务院
规定
根据中央、国务院关于经济体制改革的精神，现对纺织品进出口若干问题作如下规定。
一、出口纺织品，要积极搞工贸结合，结合的形式可以多种多样，“青纺联”是一种形式，企业也可以采取其它自由联合形式。今后，沿海开放城市、计划单列的城市，成立各种形式的纺织品工贸结合公司和直接对外的联合体、生产企业，一律由所在市的经贸部门会同纺织工业部门审查后，报市人民政府审批，并报省、自治区人民政府和经贸部、纺织部备案。
二、关于纺织品的出口计划、收汇任务和出口配额、进出口许可证额度的分配：
（一）必须贯彻既要考虑历史状况，又要考虑鼓励先进、有利竞争、择优出口和促进联合的原则，由经贸部会同纺织部拟订具体分配方案，由经贸部下达给各省（自治区、直辖市）、计划单列城市的人民政府和有出口任务的总公司，不再由纺织品进出口总公司按条条下达。
（二）各地经贸部门要会同纺织部门按照上述原则拟订本地区的具体分配方案，报同级人民政府批准后，由经贸厅（委、局）下达给承担国家出口任务的纺织品进出口分公司、工贸结合公司、纺织工业公司和有对外经营权的联合体和生产企业。
（三）在执行过程中，经贸部门要加强管理。严禁倒卖配额和进出口许可证，违者要严肃处理。
（四）协定国家贸易由进出口总公司统一组织有关外贸分公司、工贸结合公司和生产企业对外谈判成交。
三、扩大纺织品出口，提高产品质量，关键在于调动生产企业的积极性，把权真正放给他们，使生产企业提高对国际市场的灵敏度和清晰度，提高竞争能力。同时要充分发挥外贸分公司、口岸公司、工贸结合公司的作用。纺织品进出口总公司，今后主要应搞好信息、咨询等服务工作，也可以直接经营一部分进出口业务。
经过批准有外贸经营权的工贸结合公司和生产企业，在出口配额、许可证和进出口经营权等方面，享有与纺织品进出口公司同等的待遇，有权出口本公司经营范围内的全部商品（包括经营两纱两布，但要执行国务院统一规定），进口本公司生产需要的各种原材料（不包括涤纶、腈纶类原料，但为了发展品种、保证质量以及生产急需，经纺织部、经贸部批准，可自行组织少量进口）、染化料、辅料，以及代理出口经营范围内的商品。有条件的公司和企业。按国家规定经过批准，可以派员出国或在国外设立办事机构，进行调查研究和推销产品。
凡实行外贸代理的纺织品，其出口配额和许可证应随任务下达给生产企业。生产企业有权自选代理单位，并可参加对外谈判。代理单位负责签订合同，同时要搞好服务、咨询，按规定收取手续费。
今后国家对有外贸经营权的工贸结合公司和生产企业，主要考核出口收汇任务的完成情况，并统计创汇水平、换汇成本，以便择优安排。
四、改变现行的由国家统负盈亏的“大锅饭”的财务体制，各类工贸结合的公司、生产出口纺织品的企业，实行进口原料按国际价格水平结算原则，进口时照章缴纳关税、产品税，产品出口后，再按年度以出口产品实际用料数量退还已缴纳的进口关税和产品税，同时退还生产环节的产品税或增值税，由其自负盈亏。
五、在纺织品出口经营放开以后，经贸部要发挥归口管理部门的作用，按国务院规定的职责，加强对内管理，贯彻统一对外的原则，并规定进口纺织原料的最高价格和出口纺织品的最低价格，及时提供国际市场的信息。各纺织品进出口公司、工贸结合公司、有对外经营权的联合体和生产企业，必须按照统一的对外政策经营。
PROVISIONS OF THE STATE COUNCIL ON SEVERAL ISSUES CONCERNING THEIMPORT AND EXPORT OF TEXTILES
Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
Whole Document (法规全文)
PROVISIONS OF THE STATE COUNCIL ON SEVERAL ISSUES CONCERNING THE
IMPORT AND EXPORT OF TEXTILES
(Promulgated on January 8, 1985)
The following provisions are formulated, in accordance with the spirit of
the economic restructuring of the country, in respect of several issues
concerning the import and export of textiles.
1. In the exportation of textiles, it is advisable to combine industry
with trade; the combination may take various forms, of which the "Qingdao
Textile Unico. Ltd" is one; and enterprises may freely adopt other
combinative forms. From now on, case concerning the establishment of
various forms of textile industry and trade combination companies and
other combination complexes or production enterprises having direct links
with foreign businesses in the open coastal cities and municipalities
under separate planning shall all be handled and examined jointly by the
departments of foreign economic relations and trade and the departments of
textile industry in the cities or municipalities where the companies or
enterprises are located; the cases shall, then, be submitted to the
municipal people's government for examination and approval; and the cases
shall be further submitted to the people's government of the province or
autonomous region and to the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and
Trade and the Ministry of Textile Industry for record.
2. Issues concerning the export planning for textiles, foreign exchange,
earnings from exports, and the distribution of export quotas and the
issuance of import and export licences:
(1) it is necessary to implement the principle of taking into
consideration the historical conditions as well as the importance of
encouraging the advanced, facilitating competition, selecting quality
products for export, and promoting combination; a specific distribution
plan shall be worked out jointly by the Ministry of Foreign Economic
Relations and Trade and the Ministry of Textile Industry, and shall be
transmitted directly by the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and
Trade to the people's governments of various provinces (and/or autonomous
regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government),
municipalities under separate planning, and the national corporations
undertaking export tasks; the distribution plan shall no longer, be
transmitted according to the subordinating relationship by the National
Textile Import and Export Corporation.
(2) the departments of foreign economic relations and trade in various
regions shall, jointly with the departments of textile industry, work out
the local specific distribution plan in accordance with the aforesaid
principle, and then submit it to the people's government at the same level
for approval, which shall then be transmitted through the office (or
commission, bureau) of foreign economic relations and trade to various
branch offices of the textile import and export corporations, the industry
and trade combination companies, textile industry companies that undertake
export tasks assigned by the state, and combination complexes and
production enterprises vested with the external operating rights.
(3) in the course of implementation, the department of foreign economic
relations and trade shall strengthen administration. The racketeering in
export quotas and import and export licences shall be strictly banned; and
the offender shall be dealt with seriously.
(4) trade conducted between countries at the state level in accordance
with relevant agreements shall be carried out by the national import and
export corporations by organizing the relevant branch offices of foreign
trade corporations, industry and trade combination companies, and
production enterprises in holding business negotiations with foreign
businesses and concluding relevant transactions.
3. The key to expanding the export of textiles and bettering the quality
of products lies in bringing into play the initiative of production
enterprises and in actually devolving the power to them, so that the
production enterprises may sharpen their sensitivity towards and clarity
about the international market, thereby heightening their competitiveness.
At the same time, it is essential to bring into full play the role of
various branch offices of foreign trade corporations, of various companies
situated at ports, and of various industry and trade combination
companies. From now on, the National Textile Import and Export Corporation
shall devote its attention to doing a better job in providing information
and consultancy services; it may also handle directly a portion of the
import and export business operations.
The industry and trade combination companies and production enterprises,
which have obtained, with approval, the right to operate in foreign trade,
shall enjoy the same treatment as the textile import and export
corporations in such aspects as export quota, import and export licence,
and the right to handle import and export business; and shall also have
the right to export all commodities within the scope of business
operations of their own companies (including the right to export the two
kinds of yarns and the two kinds of cloth, but they must carry on the
unified provisions formulated by the State Council), and the right to
import various kinds of raw materials required by their companies in
production (not including such kinds of raw materials as terylene and poly
acrylonitrile fibre; however, in order to develop new varieties of
commodities, to guarantee the quality of products, and to meet the urgent
needs of production, they may, with the approval of the Ministry of
Textile Industry and the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade,
import a small quantity of such raw materials), as well as dyestuffs,
chemical and auxiliary materials, and the right to act as an agent for the
exportation of the commodities within their scope of business operations.
Those companies and enterprises with the necessary qualifications may,
after obtaining the approval in accordance with the provisions of the
state, accredit representatives abroad or establish business offices there
to conduct studies and investigations and to promote the sale of their
products.
With respect to textiles under the scheme of agency in foreign trade, the
export quota and the export licence shall be issued, along with the
production task, to the production enterprises. The production enterprises
shall have the right to select their agents by themselves and may take
part in business negotiations with foreign firms. The agents shall be
responsible for concluding contract, and, at the same time, offer
satisfactory services and consultancy, and collect service charges
according to the stipulations. From now on, with respect to those industry
and trade combination companies and production enterprises that are vested
with the right to operate in foreign trade, the state will mainly evaluate
their fulfillment of the task of foreign exchange earnings from exports,
and make statistics concerning the level of foreign exchange earnings and
the costs in terms of foreign exchange, in order to select from among them
the more successful companies and enterprises for future arrangement.
4. With a view to changing the existing financial structure, that is
"everybody eating from the common pot", under which the state takes the
sole responsibility for gains and losses, various types of industry and
trade combination companies and enterprises that manufacture textile goods
for export shall follow the principle of settling the accounts for
imported raw materials in accordance with the international price level,
and pay the Customs duties and the product tax according to the
regulations when they are imported; then, after the products are exported,
the portion of import Customs duties and the product tax already paid
shall be refunded annually on the basis of the actual quantity of raw
materials used in the exported products, and, at the same time, the
product tax or the value added tax in the process of production shall also
be refunded; by so doing they shall take the sole responsibility for gains
and losses themselves.
5. After liberalizing the business operations in the export of textiles,
the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade shall play the role
of overall administration of foreign economic relations and trade of the
country: strengthening the administration at home in accordance with its
competence and duty prescribed by the State Council, setting ceiling
prices for the imported raw materials used in the production of textiles
and floor prices for the export textiles, and providing promptly
information concerning the international market. All the textile import
and export corporations, industry and trade combination companies,
combination complexes and production enterprises vested with the external
operating rights, shall conduct their business operations in accordance
with the unified policies governing China's foreign economic relations and
trade.
